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2009年1月22日 星期四

「管理2.0」的組織創新

From http://tim.nccu.edu.tw/jflee/articles/C225.htm

在「管理大未來」中先知哈默爾竭力宣揚他的「管理2.0」福音,他也不只一次提到「我真的有一個夢」「我夢想組織能夠自動汰舊換新,變革的舞台上不至於經歷脫胎換骨的錐心之痛。我夢想創新的電流能夠傳遍企業內各項活動,叛逆份子永遠能戰勝反動勢力。

如果哈默爾說話的對象是對準Corporate America說這樣的話,我想「管理大未來」大力闡揚的「管理2.0」對Corporate Taiwan可能是更遙遠的一個追求標的。

哈默爾標舉了三家他心目中「管理2.0」的標竿企業——

坪效(900美元/平方呎)為傳統競爭對手的兩倍,單店營業成長額(11%)是全美國零售業平均值三倍的「健全食品公司」(Whole Foods);

以創新透氣防水布料Gore Tex知名的「戈高公司」;

威名赫赫執行全美國65.2%(全球超過三分之二)網際網路搜尋指令的Google公司。

哈默爾認為現在多數的管理思維與方法(管理1.0),相對於這三家所代表的「管理2.0」來說,是:

管理太多,自由太少:

階級太多,社群太少;

敦促太多,理想太少。

他標舉「管理2.0」企業的三項特徵:

首先,創造一個有理想的社群,強調員工自由與責任並重,組織內充滿信任、公平與理想(如「健全食品,健全的人,健全的地球」)。

第二,打造創新的民主機制,建立格狀而非階層組織,去掉垂直權力距離,沒有老闆,只強調眾多領導者;沒有派工,只有承諾;鼓勵自由實驗,同仁備受激勵但同時也接受極高要求。

最後,「管理2.0」的企業以進化性優勢為目標,營運模式以及產品都不斷進化推出;以「70-20-10」 的比例分配資源於本業—延伸服務—非核心事業的創新點子;以極度扁平、徹底分權型式進用頂尖人才(「零蠢才天地」),組織自我管理小團隊執行多項快速而低 成本的實驗(「失敗的時間要早,損失要小」),要求廣泛且儘早的市場回饋資訊;而且全公司持續對話(就像一個高度網路化的組織),以同儕評鑑及高激勵獎金 (Google有員工團隊因推出對公司重大貢獻的創意而獲得一千萬美元的「創辦人獎金」)。

不像現在的「管理1.0」組織原則,講求的是「標準化、事業化、目標一致、階層組織、計劃與控制以及外部獎勵」。

「管理2.0」是完全另一套顛覆性的思維與實務——

組織內刻意追求多樣性與突變性因子,理念的基因庫愈寬廣愈好;

靠市場彈性分配資源,靠市場作創新專業的「天擇」,不靠資深副總裁,相信市場的智慧超越組織政治與權力考量,且勝過副總裁的智慧;

強調領導的權威來自對話,以及同仁的接受,重視分散式領導;

鼓勵同仁從意義中尋找行動的勇氣,「使命」、「信仰」對啟發同仁的工作熱情極為重要。

設計如同城市中不期而遇的驚奇環境,增多同仁與理念相互碰觸的機會。

哈默爾也再三致意,要刻意發掘組織中的「良性異端」,從組織邊陲發掘創新的契機。擴大同仁的想像力,聚集眾人的智慧,就如同「開放原始碼」軟體社群常說的對匯聚眾人智慧而言,「市集優於教堂」。

整體而言,先知哈默爾的福音訊息是管理創新仰賴社群(而非層級組織),同儕的水平互動,相互調整(而非主管權威的垂直督導),市場的群眾智慧(而非管理階層的判斷)。「管理2.0」相信多次的市場對話逐步修正Just Enough的原創產品 / 服務,漸進成為Good Enough,認為推出多版本創新的頻次與速度比正確重要,也主張「完美是進步的敵人」。

哈默爾的「去中心化」(降低管理人重要性)與「去垂直權力距離」雖然反映網路時代一些新興企業勢力的管理樣態,但是否能推展至主流企業世界中?他強調的原創創新多版本的「探險式行銷」真的能做到「及早失敗,及早學習,降低創新成本」嗎?

仔細分析,Google, Gore, Whole Foods這 些公司的平權化,其實員工仍負擔極大工作責任。而且這些公司的同仁均要具備充分的產業知識與營運資訊。他們擁有相對大的營運管理權,但仍符合「管理權、知 識權、財產權三權相合者強,相離者弱,相背者亡」的組織管理金律。看起來像前衛極端的組織物種,但並非管理理論的反例。只是這些公司都比較偏向Henry Mintzberg所稱的「專業科層」組織與「暫時性構型」組織罷了。

「及早先敗、及早學習」模式,哈默爾標舉了GoogleIBMEBO專案)為例,其實我們最近檢視You Tube公司,也發現相同模式。是否因為這些公司作的不是網路服務就是軟體系統服務,創新過程中的Prototyping原型試製不像製造業所費不貲,「多次失敗、多次學習」模式才能適用。可能這也是「管理2.0」運用限制之一。

無論如何,先知哈默爾的貢獻是顯著的,在創新的組織管理議題上他是做了少有的尖銳分析並提出前瞻見解。正如他所言,過去七十年來,有超過52千 篇文獻中出現了「科技創新」與「技術創新」名詞。但只有三千篇文章討論「產品創新」,有超過六百篇探討較新的「策略創新」概念(含「商業模式創新」),但 探討「管理創新」、「組織創新」的文章卻不到三百篇。對重視創新的各界人士而言,「管理大未來」的確提出了值得深思的觀察。

2009年1月12日 星期一

21 Entrepreneurship Websites Worth Checking Out

From : http://www.lifehack.org/articles/management/21-entrepreneurship-websites-worth-checking-out.html

January 6th, 2009
in Featured, Management

21 Entrepreneurship Websites Worth Checking Out

entrepreneur The number of websites dedicated to helping entrepreneurs is incredible: there are always new sites, to the point that it can be hard to keep track of them. However, I have a few favorites. There are some tools I absolutely rely on for everything from marketing to billing, some blogs I read constantly and a few resource sites that I consult for all sorts of small business issues.

If you are an entrepreneur of any kind, it doesn’t particularly matter where you are in the process. Whether you’re just starting out freelancing in your spare time or you have a thriving business and you’re looking to expand, there are always new resources that can help you along in the entrepreneurial process. These sites are a great starting point: they’re all good resources and you may not have explored all of them.

Blogs

  1. Startup Nation: Startup Nation offers entrepreneurial advice from a whole slew of people who have been there and done that — and have the business to prove it. The site has advice on just about every aspect of creating and running a startup.
  2. IttyBiz: This site is an especially valuable resource if you’re looking to start an online business, but it’s got tons of great information on marketing in general.
  3. Lateral Action: For creative types, like graphic designers, writers and such, there are some special challenges that come with running your own business. Laterlal Action offers up advice specially targeted to those fields.
  4. Freelance Switch: FreelanceSwitch has all things freelance — business advice, ideas for staying productive and far more. Even though the title says ‘freelance,’ there’s plenty of good information for anyone running their own business.
  5. Escape from Cubicle Nation: Leaving a cubicle in favor of starting your own business isn’t easy, but this blog helps support such escapees.
  6. Young Entrepreneur: Young Entrepreneur focuses on the challenges that younger entrepreneurs face when they start business. It’s also got some great profiles of young entrepreneurs.
  7. Small Business Labs: It isn’t easy to predict the trends that will affect small business, but Small Business Labs goes the extra mile to help entrepreneurs figure out what’s coming next.

Web Applications

  1. Basecamp: There’s a reason that Basecamp and 37signals other tools are so popular — they work better than a lot of the other options. Basecamp is the company’s project management tool. 37signals also offer Highrise (CRM) and a few other great tools.
  2. Blinksale: There are quite a few online options for invoicing. Blinksale is one of the most recommended options, in part because it works well with other tools like PayPal and Basecamp.
  3. Skype: Skype is a popular choice for making phone calls online, but it has a lot of bells and whistles (like video conferencing) that make it a far more useful tool for a small business than you might expect.
  4. LinkedIn: LinkedIn has come in handy for me many times. It’s an easy way to find contacts for a wide variety of purposes, as well as get answers and advice on all sorts of business topics.
  5. Zoho: For a full suite of business tools, including CRM, invoicing, project management and databases, check out Zoho. All of the tools have at least some level of free use, perfect for an entrepreneur bootstrapping a business.
  6. RocketLawyer: If you aren’t sure where to start with the legalities of running your own business, RocketLawyer provides free forms as well as help with all sorts of legal documents.
  7. Google Docs: At least when you’re starting out, Google can be the easiest way to share documents, manage your business’ calendar and far more. It may not be a long term solution, but it can help you get started without spending a ton of money.

Resource Sites

  1. SBA: The U.S. Small Business Administration is a treasure trove of information for entrepreneurs. In general, the SBA’s focus is helping entrepreneurs create long-lived small businesses, but there are also some great resources for folks further along in the process. If you aren’t in the U.S., there’s still some valuable information on the site — and you may find a similar agency where you’re living.
  2. SCORE: If you find yourself in need of mentoring from an entrepreneur who’s already been through it all, SCORE can help you find a mentor. The organization is an amazing source of free business advice.
  3. Freelancers Union: The Freelancers Union offers a long list of resources for freelancers — and the Union’s definition includes a pretty wide variety of entrepreneurs as freelancers. Among the information you can find on this site is health insurance options that don’t require quite the expense of other non-employer options.
  4. Entrepreneur: For a huge collection of information on starting and running your own business, start with Entrepreneur. The company behind the site also runs Women Entrepreneur — a good resource for women looking at entrepreneurship.
  5. BusinessWeek Small Business: Business Week has been a solid source of business information for years. The magazine’s small business site is an equally solid resource.
  6. About.com Entrepreneurs: About.com offers a regularly updated resource on entrepreneurship. It’s got links to all sorts of other resources, both on About.com and elsewhere on the internet.
  7. Entrepreneurship.org: The Entrepreneurship.org site is run by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation to provide global resources for entrepreneurs.

These sites are only a starting point, of course. They’re the resources I use myself — and I know there are thousands out there I haven’t seen yet. If you’ve got any resources that you’d like to recommend to entrepreneurs, I’d appreciate it if you would share your links in the comments.

Darth Vader’s “Management” Secrets

From : http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifehack/darth-vaders-management-secrets.html

Darth Vader's Management Secrets

Operating a truly effective organization can be daunting. It requires skill, dedication, a willingness and ability to rebound from failure, bloodlust, and a notable absence of mercy. Mastery of the Dark Side of the Force is also useful. You’re probably asking “how did the empire become The Galactic Empire?”

This article gives you a few of my favorite management secrets, some of which I have passed on to my brother, Chad, who manages the Day Shift at Empire Market. In the spirit of Stephen Covey’s Seven Habits of Highly Successful People, here are what we might call “Nine Habits of Highly Sith-cessful People.”

  1. Use Fear. Yoda once said that “fear is the path to the Dark Side.” He couldn’t have been more right; however, his conclusions were wildly off base. Fear can be a great motivator, both for you and for those around you. Fear can help you overcome moral ambiguities by clouding them with the need for action, now. Also, fear is the way to motivate people. You may find their lack of faith disturbing, so you may need to demonstrate your superiority. If someone disagrees with you, Force-choke them until they see things your way.
  2. Don’t Tolerate Dissent. Destroy it. Make sure everyone knows that your word is the last word. Demand unwavering faith in your abilities from your inferiors, and if they display a disturbing lack of faith, choke them.
  3. Punish Incompetence. Many of your subordinates will be as clumsy as they are stupid. If someone has failed you for the last time, Force-choke them to death and promote someone who knows what they are doing. Keep Force-choking people until someone finally learns his or her lesson.
  4. Deal Exclusively On Your Terms. Periodically, you will have to make deals. Alter them at your discretion, and don’t worry about any consequences. I recently had to do this with a mining entrepreneur in the Cloud City of Bespin, who expected to be treated with equanimity. Needless to say, I got what I wanted.
  5. Use Loyalty Judiciously. Only submit to a stronger hand, and then try to destroy it once you are powerful enough. Stop at nothing to get to the top.
  6. Always Look for Talent. Periodically, you will come across a real gem like my wayward son, Luke. Realize that they can be your key to double-crossing your superiors. If they don’t play along, kill them.
  7. Know that Power is what matters. Your ability to assert yourself in a difficult situation depends on your power. If you have power, you can have anything you want. Stop at nothing to get it.

  8. Get Out There and Lead. While Grand Moff Tarkin was prematurely celebrating victory over the Rebel Alliance, I was out there shooting at X-wings. Which one of us survived the Death Star attack? That’s right, me.
  9. Finally, always remember that an elaborate, far-reaching plan, which relies on people reacting exactly how you plan for them to react, is always better than a simple plan. Nothing illustrates your genius quite like a meticulous, detailed, super-plan which will go horribly awry if people don’t react exactly the way you think they will. Just know who to blame when things don’t go the way you expect them to.

Those are a few brief pointers that I have used to make my climb, from defeated Jedi pulling his mangled corpse out of a volcano to Dark Lord of the Sith overseeing the construction of the ultimate power in the universe. With the right effort, you can, too.

Darth Vader is a Dark Lord of the Sith and second-in-command in the Galactic Empire, where he is the pupil of Emperor Palpatine. He studied the Jedi arts under Obi-Wan Kenobi and serves a Sith apprenticeship with Darth Sidious. Darth’s brother, Chad, is the Day-Shift Manager at Empire Market. This article was co-authored with Mike Hammock.